1. White Spot Disease (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis)
   Symptoms: White, salt-like spots on the body and fins, staying close to the water surface, restlessness, rubbing against aquarium decorations.
   Causes: Sudden water temperature changes, adding new fish without quarantine, stress.
   Treatment:

• Gradually raise the water temperature to 28–30°C.

• Use medications containing methylene blue or copper sulfate.

• Remove the filter carbon so the medication remains active during treatment.

1. Fungal Infections (Saprolegnia)
   Symptoms: Cotton-like white or gray growths, usually around wounds.
   Causes: Injuries, poor water quality, weakened immune system.
   Treatment:

• Use antifungal medications (e.g., malachite green).

• Move infected fish to a quarantine tank.

• Improve water quality and perform frequent water changes.

1. Swim Bladder Disorder
   Symptoms: Fish sinking to the bottom, swimming upside down, vertical or horizontal swimming difficulties.
   Causes: Overfeeding, constipation, infections, congenital abnormalities.
   Treatment:

• Withhold food for a few days.

• Feed boiled, peeled peas to support digestion.

• Antibiotic treatment may be necessary if an infection is present.

1. Gill Rot
   Symptoms: Reddening of the gills, breathing difficulties, rapid respiration, staying near the water surface.
   Causes: Increased ammonia levels, poor water quality, bacterial infections.
   Treatment:

• Check and adjust water parameters.

• Use antibacterial medications.

• Quarantine the sick fish if necessary.

1. Internal Parasites
   Symptoms: Weight loss, loss of appetite, transparent and thread-like feces.
   Causes: Contaminated food, adding infected fish to the aquarium without quarantine.
   Treatment:

• Use anti-parasitic medicated food (e.g., garlic-infused).

• Administer veterinarian-approved internal parasite medications.

• Maintain aquarium hygiene.

1. External Parasites (Lernaea – Anchor Worm, Fish Lice)
   Symptoms: Worm-like structures visible on the fish’s body, signs of irritation and discomfort.
   Causes: Transmission from other fish, parasites introduced through live food.
   Treatment:

• Mechanical removal of the parasite (under expert supervision).

• Use anti-parasitic medications.

• Apply quarantine measures.

General Precautions for Healthy Fish

• Keep new fish in quarantine for 2 weeks before adding them to the main tank.

• Perform regular water changes and monitor parameters (pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate).

• Avoid overfeeding.

• Provide aquarium conditions suitable for each fish species.

• Seek professional veterinary support when necessary.